12 The prevention of deep venous thrombosis is an important clinical issue in the context of immobility, dehydration, systemic illness, the peri-operative period or pro-thrombotic state. 11 The incidence rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli are approximately 148 per 100,000 person-years and 95 per 100,000 person years, respectively. 10 It is the most common cardiovascular cause of death following coronary artery disease and stroke. Venous thromboembolism is a common and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting 1 in 1000 adults per year. Extrinsic compression of the leg can be achieved with intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), and has been shown to be effective in the treatment of CVD. Surgery can ablate dysfunctional vessels, whilst compression hosiery or layered bandaging aids the deep compressive ability of contracting muscles. 5, 6 Standard treatments aim to reduce venous stasis by improving venous return. The consequent venous hypertension and stasis contribute to clinical symptoms, and long-term complications, such as venous ulcers are a significant health burden. 4 Established venous dysfunction of any aetiology (chronic venous disease: CVD) is due to the inability of damaged veins or venous valves to effectively return blood to the heart from the lower extremities. 3 The Bonn Vein Study estimates the prevalence of symptomatic venous disease to be ~32%. 1, 2 The incidence of superficial venous disease is roughly 40–55% in Europe, and around half of these will have symptomatic varicose veins. Venous disease is common, and increasing levels of prevalence have been observed. Keywords: neuromuscular, electrical, stimulation, venous disease, venous insufficiency
#Fluid power with applications 7th edition slides skin#
NMES reduces leg oedema, improves blood supply to the skin of the foot, and may positively affect quality of life.Ĭlinical Trials: This trial was registered with (NCT02137499). Those with C4-6 disease benefitted the most, with improvements in VDS score of 1, AVVQ of 6, and SF-12 of 10.Ĭonclusion: NMES improves venous haemodynamic parameters in chronic venous disease, which is enhanced by regular use.
For those with venous pathology, scores for disease specific and generic quality of life questionnaires improved. Leg swelling was reduced by mean 252.7 mL (13%, p< 0.05) overall 338.9 mL (16%, p< 0.05) in venous disease. Mean increases in arm and leg fluximetry were 71% and 194% (both p< 0.01). NMES increased femoral vein peak velocity, TAMV and volume flow by 55%, 20%, 36% at 20 minutes (all p< 0.05), which was enhanced at week 6 (PV and TAMV p< 0.05). Results: The mean age was 48.7, BMI 28.6kg/m2, and maximum calf circumference 39.0 cm. Quality of life questionnaires were taken at week 0, 6 and 8. Haemodynamic measurements were repeated at week 6. Devices were then worn for 4– 6 hours per day, for 6 weeks. Haemodynamic venous measurements were taken from the right femoral vein with ultrasound, laser Doppler fluximetry from the left hand and foot. Methods: Forty subjects were recruited from four groups: healthy, superficial insufficiency, deep insufficiency, and deep obstruction. We investigated the effect of bilateral leg NMES on the symptoms of chronic venous disease. Introduction: Neuromuscular stimulation (NMES) has been shown to improve peripheral blood flow in healthy people. Katherine J Williams, Hayley M Moore, Mary Ellis, Alun H DaviesĪcademic Section of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UKĪcademic Department of Vascular Surgery, 4th Floor, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK